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“It turns out prevention really is the best medicine,” said Stuart Pimm, Doris Duke Professor of Conservation Ecology at Duke University, who was co-lead author of the study. “We estimate we could greatly reduce the likelihood of another pandemic by investing as little as 1/20th of the losses incurred so far from COVID into conservation measures designed to help stop the spread of these viruses from wildlife to humans in the first place.”
A smart place to start, the study shows, would be investing in programs to end tropical deforestation and international wildlife trafficking, stop the wild meat trade in China, and improve disease surveillance and control in wild and domestic animals worldwide.
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“If we don’t stop destroying the environment and selling wild species as pets, meat or medicine, these diseases are just going to keep coming. And as this current pandemic shows, controlling them is inordinately costly and difficult,” Pimm said. “It’s been two years since COVID emerged and the cure still isn’t working. Not enough people receive vaccine in the U.S, where shots are available and we can afford them, and not enough vaccines are going to other countries that can’t afford them.”
Pandemic Prevention
On one hand, the new study, by epidemiologists, economists, ecologists, and conservation biologists at 21 institutions, calculates that by investing an amount equal to just 5% of the estimated annual economic losses associated with human deaths from COVID into environmental protection and early-stage disease surveillance, the risks of future zoonotic pandemics could be reduced by as much as half. Moreover, that could help save around 1.6 million lives a year and reduce mortality costs by around $10 trillion annually.
On the other hand, “We’re talking about an investment of tens of billions of dollars a year. Government have that kind of money,” Pimm said. We use some of this money to train more veterinarians and wildlife disease biologists. We can also create a global database of virus genomics. They are still used to pinpoint the source of newly emerging pathogens early enough to slow or stop their spread. Ultimately, it speeds the development of vaccines and diagnostic tests.
First of all, the need to put preventive measures in place as soon as possible is increasingly urgent, said Dobson. “Epidemics are occurring more frequently, they are getting larger, and spreading to more continents.”
Secondly, “Prevention is much cheaper than cures,” noted Bernstein. We compared to the costs and social and economic disruptions associated with trying to control pathogens. After they have already spread to humans, preventing epidemics before they break out is the ultimate economic bargain.”
Researchers at 17 additional universities, medical centers, environmental nonprofits or government agencies in the United States, China, Brazil, South Africa, and Kenya coauthored the study.
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The coauthors include Binbin V. Li, holds a secondary appointment at Duke’s Nicholas School of the Environment. Funding for the study came from Johnson & Johnson; the U.S. Department of Agriculture; the Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation; Brazil’s National Institute for Scientific and Technological Development; the U.S. Agency for International Development, and the National Natural Science Foundation of China.